Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Essay -- Health Care

Social Problem The Problem our approach is planned to address is the absence of moderate medical coverage just as the absence of reasonable medical coverage to people with previous wellbeing conditions. The Extent of the social issue spans to quantities of people and populaces in the United States. Living without medical coverage are more than 50 million individuals in the United States, which is generally comparable to 16.7% of the populace, or one of every six U.S. inhabitants (Wolf, 2010). Characterizing this as an issue are those generally influenced by the unavailability boundary which incorporates unlawful settlers, the old, and those people unfit to achieve protection inclusion because of a previous ailment. Who opposes this idea? The Related Social Values relating to this social issue unquestionably focus on the poise and worth of the individual. Availability to medicinal services by means of moderate health care coverage would be viewed as in excess of a common right yet to be sure a matter of human rights. This issue additionally contacts one of the key American social qualities, which is social duty. The worth is self-illustrative and is restricted by the contending American social estimation of Individualism. As far as social qualities as they identify with social work and the suggestion identifying with the calling, the NASW, the National Association of Social Workers, diagrams Social Workers’ moral duties to that of more extensive society (Social Work Search, 2003). The Competing Social Values would incorporate the restricting key American social estimations of Individualism and Self-care whereby the emphasis would be on private enthusiasm rather than open reason. This contending esteem is noteworthy in light of the fact that in the midst of private intrigue, obtaining of fundamental human needs w... ...r, Henry J. Family Foundation. (2011, April 22). Re: Health Reform Implementation Timeline [website]. Recovered from http://healthreform.kff.org/timeline.aspx Segal, E. An., and Brzuzy, S. (1998). Social qualities and patterns of history. In Brieland, D., Social welfare strategy, projects, and practice (p. 43). USA: Peacock Publishers. Social Work Search. (2011, April 22). Re: NASW code of morals [Website] Retrieved from http://www.socialworksearch.com/html/nasw.shtml#SOCIETY Trumbull, M. (2010, March 23). Obama signs human services charge: who won’t be secured. Christian Science Monitor. Recovered from http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0323/Obama- signs-medicinal services charge Who-won-t-be-secured Wolf, R. (2010, September 17). Number of uninsured Americans ascends to 50.7 million. USA TODAY. Recovered from http://www.usatoday.com/news/country/2010-09-17- uninsured17_ST_N.htm

Strategic Management Target Marketing Essay Example

Key Management: Target Marketing Essay Official Summary Target Corporation works general product stores in the United States and has Just started opening stores in Canada. The organization offers a wide assortment of merchandise extending from family unit fundamentals and decorations to hardliner containing different types of individual diversion and clothing and embellishments. Target has opened more than 20 of its 124 areas as of now and has gotten blended input from Canadian customers. Retail valuing is on normal in any event 10% higher in contrast with US costs which bargains Targets crucial Expect More. Save money. While the retail business is less serious in Canada, it doesn't ensure accomplishment for Target in spite of their conspicuous image picture. This report inlets a far reaching investigation of Target, Corp.. s position and execution in Canada, up to this point, comparative with the United States. A few market and segment factors (inside and outside) were considered and firmly assessed to introduce an away from of this new condition and its present condition of execution and rivalry. We will compose a custom paper test on Strategic Management: Target Marketing explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Strategic Management: Target Marketing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Strategic Management: Target Marketing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Assessments of socioeconomics and populace insights from the latest Canadian evaluation show that Targets perfect client in America is first rate in Canada, as well. Advertising methodologies would need to at present be fundamentally centered around ladies in their rear end to see ideal outcomes at the same time, there are fragments not yet caught that can without much of a stretch be promoted to in our proposed technique. These undiscovered portions remember men for age bunches 18-35 just as 65+ whose interests fall in accordance with standard Canadian games and culture. A shopper profile has been produced around these comparative yet extraordinary gatherings to characterize this core interest. In view of our Tailings, we nave please a numerous gathering methodologies Adult around a social staple of Canada. Our essential goal is to expand by and large brand mindfulness in the Canadian market by indicating that while Target might be from the US, they despite everything endeavor to acclimatize into Canadian culture through presentation of a formerly unrepresented item collection of general hockey merchandise and gear. We need to pass on a comprehension and valuation for the complexities of another commercial center and a general promise to turning into a staple in Canadian customers shopping propensities through authentic cooperations and understanding the significance of Canadian brands and ways of life. The consideration off hockey hardware product offering and some authoritatively detected NIL items is planned for making extra an incentive to the client who is as of now acquainted with Target with the general objective of expanding all out bin count(s) of those shopping coming up. The techniques we layout in this report have been concocted to meet explicit goals to improve Targets position in the Canadian retail scene. This promoting procedure intends to achieve the accompanying. We accept through our procedures and proposals spread out in this report, Target will see recognizable positive outcomes with respect to shopper practices in stores just as brand acknowledgment all through the nation. We have set into place a few screens and controls to help measure the achievement of the projects all through the anticipated fruition time on the off chance that outcomes don't meet guage desires. The products essentially influenced incorporate different family things and furniture just as select food supplies. Costs throughout the most recent decade have been higher on normal in Canada contrasted with the US and subsequently, numerous Canadian shoppers roll over the fringe at US costs and brands. As indicated by Julian Filtrates article, summing up the Canadian Federal Budget hearing in 2013, from The Canadian Press, The Canadian government is graduating 72 nations recently named creating to full created status with the end goal of levies (Belgrade, Julian). The subsequent cost increments from this renaming will, basically, invalidate the reserve funds from the value drop made from taking out duties on hockey gear and infant garments. A more outlandish however approaching danger to a noteworthy segment of Targets accomplishment in Canada depends on the political and economic wellbeing of Quebec. Quebec is the main region in Canada that is transcendently French talking. Dissident gatherings have endeavored to pass changes that would permit Quebec to withdraw from the remainder of Canada and become an autonomous nation over and over since 1970 (2013 Canadian Retail Outlook). Target is booked to open 24 of their 124 Canadian areas in Quebec and if they somehow happened to withdraw and set up their own administration, Target could confront substantial limitations or bans because of their outcast status. Monetary The markdown retail establishment industry in general is in the experienced phase of its life cycle yet deals remain moderately high for easing back development. Canadas retail condition is less serious than the U. S. With lower per capita area, yet there are as yet numerous Canadian based choices for customers to look over just as adversary American contenders. Canadian business analysts anticipate a development of 2. % for the retail business in Canadian Retail Outlook). Deals are required to be low toward the start of the year however get quick towards the year's end. Specialists and government authorities have additionally exhorted customers to be careful when purchasing using a loan and to evade when conceivable because of a moderately moderat e monetary time that regularly follows the special seasons. Social Rest TTS Trot Canadas last statistics In individuals with the normal age being around 41 years of age and marginally over half of the populace is female. Of the approximately 9. 4 million registration families (2 individuals min. , wedded), around 3. Million have kids (Canada Census Bureau). These insights fall well in accordance with Targets perfect client profile of a lady in her forties with at any rate one kid. Canadas populace is vigorously amassed in different Census Metropolitan Areas the majority of which are inside 100 miles of the US outskirt (Canada Census Bureau). It is significant for Target to abstain from setting US and Canadian activities excessively near the fringe so as to forestall conceivable centralization. With the looming increment in levies for imported products, Canadians will be significantly all the more ready to drive over the outskirt to acquire less expensive US costs. This may not hurt Target, Corp.. In general however could seriously affect the accomplishment of Target Canada and its drives. Innovative Targets cost structure and ensuing estimating structure in Canada will be not the same as its American stores due basically to the levies referenced beforehand just as the altogether diminished economies of scale coming about because of the profoundly regulated at this point concentrated populace of Canada. A few American retailers have confronted similar issues after entering the Canadian market and have battled accordingly. Target won't have the option to contend straightforwardly with IDLE (Every Day Low Price) procedures utilized by contenders. Canadian purchasers are more averse to utilize coupons and bound to search out previously limited costs and lower costs (Belgrade, Julian). The developing utilization of the Internet among Canadian buyers for buys and the online retail advertise in general gives a portion worth devoting more consideration and exertion to. Target can decrease overhead expenses at themselves permitting costs to be brought down and these reserve funds went along to the customer. While it might affect the deals of the physical areas, it might be an important penance so as to limit cross-fringe shopping until Target can build up a more grounded a dependable balance in the Canadian market and brand faithfulness among new buyers. Rivalry The serious contention among rebate retail chains is significantly less serious in Canada than it is in the United States, however it is as yet serious enough to influence shopper choices. Divider Mart, Sears, Canadian Tire, and Lobar would be the key players in Targets venture into Canada (Freeman, Sunny). Right now, Wall-Mart is the main retailer in the business because of their capacity to offer the most reduced costs and are getting ready for Targets development into the nation by lower costs significantly more. Singes is likewise a primary player inside the business since 70% of their product covers with that of Targets. Singes anticipates remodeling current areas and cutting costs also. Albeit Canadian Tire is a car based retail location, they likewise offer a wide assortment of family unit things. A portion of their deals in house product, attire, and regular product should see a decay because of Targets entrance. Regardless of Lobar being a general store, they have advanced into the business with the divulging of their new apparel line, Joe Fresh (Freeman, Sunny). They are hoping to rival Target in the markdown chic dress space. The serious scene in this Canadian industry is remarkable in contrast with the United States, however the most one of a kind thing about all of the players Walton ten Ministry Is Tanat small are largely looking to Tina an online to Transliterate themselves. Divider Mart endeavors to give the most reduced costs conceivable and that is the means by which they are planning for Targets development. They plan on cutting costs considerably more. Target ought not be influenced by their change since Wall-Marts brand picture in not saw as having a similar quality. Target endeavors more on increasing the value of the client by including a remarkable shopping experience as opposed to offering a low cost strategy. Despite the fact that Sears is hoping to rebuild their im

Unethical Practices free essay sample

Mitsubishi Motors Corporation currently advertises more than 16 sorts of vehicles in the Philippines, following 45 years of activity. Vehicles go from the effectively conspicuous Lancer, Galant, and Eclipse traveler vehicles, to light business vehicles of various pictures and purposes: the universal PaJero, and the dynamic Strada, Montero Sport, Grandis and Fuzion. Additionally remembered for the line-up are Adventure, L300 Versa-Van, and business vans. Moving the business are the FK/FM trucks and the Rosa transports. Trucked flawlessly etween the light obligation pick-ups and substantial haulers are the Canter light truck and Rosa smaller than normal transport. Today, Mitsubishi, headed in the Philippines by Mr. Masahiko Ueki, produces a great many vehicles a year in a 190,294 sq. m. plant along Ortigas Avenue Ext, Cainta Rizal. Mr. Masahiko Ueki is driving the organization to concentrate on four significant concerns: Manufacturing, Marketing, Labor/Management Corporation and Community Involvement. In assembling, creation programs are pointed towards item quality. Quality Circles give the catalyst to consistent Improvement of assembling forms prompting improved quality and cost-viability. We will compose a custom exposition test on Exploitative Practices or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page With Total Customer Satisfaction staying to be the fundamental duty, the significance of conveying items and administrations that are adjust to the perplexing and changing needs of the clients in the Philippine market setting stays to be the trusted of promoting exercises and endeavors. With everything taken into account following 45 years of presence in the countrys car industry, Mitsubishi Motors keeps on offering quality items and administrations to the Philippine market.

Sample on Literature Analisys

Tips on how to write your literature analysis properly Literature or literary analysis deals with the practice when a writer takes into account the small parts of an essay to see the way they affect the whole paper. Literature analysis observes the main principles and techniques used by the author to create a complete meaning of the paper. Such techniques include plot, structure and the characters. Thesis statement and an introduction to your literature analysis essay To make your essay impressive, the first thing you have to think of is an introduction and a thesis statement. When you start working on these two significant parts of your literature analysis, there is a scheme you can follow to get the right direction and include whats necessary for your literary analysis. A thesis covers the topic of your essay and shows the reader what your work is about, its purpose and gives the arguments to follow the reading. A precisely worded thesis statement outlines the main point of your essay, while a carefully conceived introduction is aimed to grab your readers attention and interest. How to make a reader focus on your subject? Thats the question that has an answer. You may use various tricky techniques such as using a quotation or a question that intrigues, any possible statement that has a lot to do with the subject of your essay, or some of them simultaneously. Whatever you choose, remember to mention the title of the literary work and the authors name. How can you make sure you have included all the necessary information into your literature analysis? Use Who-What-How-Why approach to check this: â€Å"Who†is the author and the literature work you are writing about. â€Å"What† relates to the question that is being asked and highlighted. â€Å"How† is connected to the ways the main answer is highlighted in the work. â€Å"Why† will show your reader the reasons why your analysis is so important. The body of the literature essay and the significance of the topic sentences The central idea of the literary analysis essay is always developed in its main part called the body. In this section of the work you should include from 3 or more paragraphs to continue your thesis statement. Each next paragraph should include a topic sentence, which binds the parts of your literature analysis essay. Usually the topic sentence is the first sentence of the paragraph. It reveals two main purposes: 1) Helps you to relate the parts of the essay, namely connect the details of the thesis statement and the introduction with the next paragraph. 2) Connects all the paragraphs included into the body in one logical structure. What needs to be included into the body of your literature analysis essay? Each paragraph of the essays body is written properly when it contains some explanations, the details, and quotations to support and develop the idea you mentioned in the topic sentence. Conclusion The concluding paragraph is the last but no less important part of your essay than an introduction. It completes the idea mentioned at the beginning and gives some conclusions to it, usually supported by the arguments. Literary, it restates a thesis but in different words, provides a small summary of it and gives you a space to set argument for the analysis you have made. In conclusion, it is a good idea to think of your audience that is not limited by your professor only. The professor is probably the only one who can be familiar with the topic of your work. But it is not necessary to retell the whole story, you have been analyzing, to others. Your purpose is a little bit different, as the essay is aimed to explain the audience the central idea of your work and avoid conveying the plot of the story while completing your literature analysis essay.

What Are Genetically Modified Organism ( Gmos ) - 3734 Words

What are GMOs and Why are they so controversial What are Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs)? A Genetically Modified Organism is any living that has had it’s genetics material altered through the use of genetic engineering. (Dictionary.com) This alteration usually involves taking one living thing’s genetic material, such as DNA, and inserting it into another organism. It is part of an ever growing field of science called genetic engineering. Most of the time that you hear about genetic engineering is in reference to the crops and vegetables that we find in our supermarkets. We hear a lot of conflicting sides about if we should eat GMOs and if they are healthy. Before we look at if GMOs are or are not healthy, it is important to understand†¦show more content†¦In truth, while this is possible, the most common source for DNA to make GMOs is simple bacteria. Scientists use Restriction Enzymes to cut out small parts of DNA from bacteria. Restriction enzymes have a unique shape and act like tiny scissors that cut DNA into small segments. These enzymes are na turally found in bacteria. They are the bacteria’s defense mechanism against viruses. If a virus gets into this bacteria, the enzymes cut up the DNA making the Virus harmless. (â€Å"How Are GMOs Made?†) Scientist have harvested many different types of restriction enzymes. Each type of restriction enzyme has a distinct shape and attaches to a specific part of DNA where it eventually makes the cut. Through the use of specific restriction enzymes, scientists can cut out the exact part of the bacteria’s DNA that they would like to use. Once they have a small snippet of DNA from a bacteria that is responsible for what they want to get, like size or taste, they have to get it into the organism. In order to accomplish this a vector is used. The vectors that are used are essentially viruses that have the ability to go into a living thing and insert their own DNA into them. There are other types of vectors besides viruses, but they are the most commonly used. Usually these kind of viruses are very harmful to their hosts, but scientists have removed the harmful part of the virus and instead of it inserted the desired DNA section that they

The Problem of Plagiarism Literature Review - 2696 Words

The Problem of Plagiarism: Literature Review Selection Melinda â€Å"Mindy† L. Boucher Lower Columbia College The Problem Students routinely hand in papers in which the writing is so complex and the vocabulary so sophisticated that there is doubt that they were written in the students’ own words. When samples of the writing are typed into a Google search engine, sentences and whole paragraphs are found to be a match. Students are confronted with the plagiarism and given information on the guidelines for avoiding plagiarism. Often the result is a re-constructed paper or a paper on a new topic in which sentences are again cut and pasted from the Internet source, but one word or the punctuation was changed. Students often†¦show more content†¦Don t Let Students Overlook Internet Plagiarism. The Education Digest. 70(2), 37-43. The main ideas are that online resources have made plagiarism easy for students; teachers need to make sure the guidelines and consequences are clear regarding plagiarism. Bugeja describes two case studies, one before the advent of the computer and one aft er the invention of computers. He says, â€Å"To catch a plagiarist, make Boolian searches illogical, taking a rare word or proper noun from the plagiarized document† (Bugeja, 2004, 43). This article is useful for its comparison between non-technology related plagiarism and digital plagiarism. The conclusions are pragmatic: plagiarism can’t be stopped; it can be detected and punished. The intended audience is teachers. I agree wholeheartedly with his conclusions and find myself sympathizing with his fatalistic attitude that plagiarism is always going to be a problem.  · Credibility: As Director of Greenlee School of Journalism and Communications at Iowa State University, the writer is authoritative.  · Accuracy: The article was written recently, in 2004, and contains specific information from a variety of views.  · Reasonableness: The writing appears fair and objective.  · Support: There are no references listed, but the article was published in a respected periodical, Education Digest. Ercegovac, Z., Richardson, J. V. (July 2004). Academic Dishonesty, Plagiarism Included, in the Digital Age: A Literature Review. CollegeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Plagiarism1143 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism hinders intellectual advancement. The problems of plagiarism have been discussed for hundreds of years. With technologies, plagiarism becomes a fairly common practice in recent years. Plagiarism is actually recognized as a dishonest act from the 18th century when the original literature takes on more value within society. Readers want to read new creations of ideas and words from writers instead of seeing them polish the writings that have already been emitted. Writers are able at thisRead MoreApplying Ethical Theories : Interpreting And Responding Students Plagiarism By Neil Granitz And Dana Loewy Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pagestheir article â€Å"Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism† Neil Granitz and Dana Loewy correlate students’ reasoning when justifying plagiarism to different theories of ethics. There are two primary aims of this study: 1. to categorise students cheating based on the ethical reasons they invoke when defending their act, 2. to develop a specific response for each type of plagiarism in order to lead tutor approaches in dealing with this issue. Furthermore, the articleRead MorePlagiarism And Academic Integrity : Plagiarism1305 Words   |  6 PagesPlagiarism is a topic that is consistently brought up in many areas of education.1 In every syllabus presented to students, there is a section that refers to plagiarism and academic integrity. Plagiarism can be defined as â€Å"the act or instance of stealing or passing off ideas or words of another as one’s own.†2 Despite this being an important piece of information; students may overlook this material and still plagiarize. In a study from the University of Toronto, 90% of senior pharmacy students admittedRead Mor eCritique Of - Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism, Journal of Business Ethics1310 Words   |  6 PagesStudent Plagiarism, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 72, pp 293-306. Summary Plagiarism in todays â€Å"copy and paste generation† is an unremitting, complex issue that is not yet fully understood. The paper responds to this proposition with a thesis that understanding the ethical reasoning provided by students in defending plagiarism is crucial in preventing it in student populations. The reasons can provide the basis for specific action-orientated recommendations to reduce plagiarism and to designRead MoreFree Papers1007 Words   |  5 PagesIf you are looking for free academic papers such as free essays, free term papers, free research papers, free dissertations, free book reports/book reviews, free essays, free speeches, there exists a chance of being accused of plagiarism. Free papers downloaded from essay databases and essay sites can be easily detected by plagiarism detection systems and sofwares. You can find a lot of resources and sites with databases of free sample papers and free example papers on any topic. You can use theseRead MoreUnit 1 1 Essay858 Words   |  4 Pagesdoctorate program. Who, in your life, was the most influential in leading you to advance you t o this level of study? How would you expect this program to change your life? What is your personal vision for your future work?   Within these questions, please review and incorporate one peer-reviewed journal article relating to the potential impact of doctoral studies. The intent is to begin to develop your skills in scholarly research and writing. The transformational event that drove me into this doctorate programRead MoreFree Papers992 Words   |  4 PagesIf you are looking for free academic papers such as free essays, free term papers, free research papers, free dissertations, free book reports/book reviews, free essays, free speeches, there exists a chance of being accused of plagiarism. Free papers downloaded from essay databases and essay sites can be easily detected by plagiarism detection systems and sofwares. You can find a lot of resources and sites with databases of free sample papers and free example papers on any topic. You can use theseRead MoreThe Importance Of An Apology For A Deficient Audit925 Words   |  4 PagesPart 1 , 200-400 words, worth 4% Discuss how both articles review the literature and compare the literature review a; Apology Accepted: The Benefits of an Apology for a Deficient Audit Following an Audit V Failure b; Students Behaviors and Views of Paraphrasing and Inappropriate Textual Borrowing in an EFL Academic Setting Review of literature: The information on the subject is not lacking but the inferences of various investigations are not consistent and differ greatly according to the materialRead MoreAcademia and Text Matching Software Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloping good scholarship practice Introduction Academic dishonesty such as plagiarism has been a major factor in education that has affected students’ success and academic achievements in recent years. Plagiarism according to Park (2003) is the act of appropriating or copying another person’s work and passing them on as one’s idea without acknowledging the original source. Park (2003) noted that plagiarism is a growing problem and has been a misuse of the writings of another author, their ideas, hypothesisRead More Plagiarism Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesPlagiarism missing works cited Plagiarism is a distinguished sounding word. One would almost think that it sounds like some lofty philosophical ideal named for the great Greek teacher Plagiarus, something to be aspired to. This is not so. Plagiarism is in fact a moral misdemeanor, and an academic felony. By definition, plagiarism is a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle would have frowned on such a practice

Penguins (966 words) Essay Example For Students

Penguins (966 words) Essay Penguins==================================================Penguins: the eyes have it!LIFE SCIENCESMyopic little men in tuxedos, or highly efficientland/water animals? Recent research indicatestheres more to penguins than meets the eye. If youve every wondered what it would be like tobe able to see as clearly under water as you can onland, just ask the nearest penguin.Most aquaticanimals are short-sighted on land. Mostterrestrial animals (and that includes us) arefar-sighted under water. But researchers havediscovered that penguins can apparently see equallywell in both environments, because of the uniquestructure of their eyes. Penguins have to be able to see well under waterbecause their diet consists mainly of plankton,molluscs, crustaceans, and the inevitable fish. We will write a custom essay on Penguins (966 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Through a special slowing-down of their heart ratetheyre able, like many other diving animals, tostay submerged long enough to search out and chasewhatever catches their fancy. On dry land, its a different story-or has been upto now. Waddling along on their flat little feet,eyes fixed intently on the ground, penguins appearmyopic, inefficient and generally out of place. In fact the reverse is true. During a recent stayon the Falkland Islands, a Canadian researcherdiscovered that penguins are able to recognizeindividuals and navigate the rocky terrain on whichthey live quite well. Long of body and short ofleg, they probably poke their heads forward as anaid to balance. And as for looking at the ground,theyre merely-like us-keeping an eye on wheretheyre going. The human eye is adapted for aerial vision, whichis why scuba divers-or even you and I in the localswimming pool-must wear goggles or a face mask tore-introduce air in front of our eyes in order tosee clearly. Among vertebrates in general, the bird eye isfrequently described as the most efficient. Itssuperior quality, combined with the fact that alarge number of birds-cormorants, pelicans,seagulls, even ducks, as well as penguins-get theirfood from water, obviously deserved research beyondthat possible in a controlled environment such asan aquarium or zoo. Professor Jacob Sivak of theUniversity of Waterloo and his associate, ProfessorHoward Howland of Cornell University, had a chanceto do that research recently. Their trip had butone purpose-to study the structure of penguinseyes while observing their natural habitat. The Falkland Islands, off the coast of Argentina,offered this opportunity, being one the few areasoutside Antarctica where penguins can be found inlarge numbers. Three of the 16 known species werelocated there: the Gentoo, which live on flatareas right off the beach; the Magellan (alsocalled Jackass), which live in burrows; and theRock-hoppers, which live among the rocks along thecliffs. The Rock-hoppers were by far the most common,having a population of well over 100,000. Thegeneral rule is, the smaller the penguin, themeaner the temperament, and the researchers didwitness the odd fight. Their flippers may lookpretty useless out of water, but its not smart toplay around with a penguin. Helll stand hisground in a face-off and if youre foolish enoughto get too close, those flippers can knock youflat. Dr. Sivak and his associate, however, had littletrouble. Rock-hoppers always congregate in fairlytight groups, as a defense against predatory birdssuch as the skua (a large seagull that thinks itsa hawk), and two more upright figures in theirmidst didnt seem to bother them. Standing as close to their subjects as 0.3m, thescientists used two devices: one, developed byProfessor Howland, to take photographs of thepenguins eyes; the othger, developed by Dr. Sivak,to shine a series of concentric circles on thecornea and give a measurement of how reflections ofobjects are altered by curvature of the eye. .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .postImageUrl , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:hover , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:visited , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:active { border:0!important; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:active , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Metamorphosis EssayDespite the fact all the work had to be done atnight-the only time the penguins pupils weredilated enough-the results were worth it. Comparison of the photographs with similar photosof human eyes, and study of the internal structureof the eyes of creatures discovered killed by seallions, proved the scientists theory that thepenguins eyes are the secret of its survival. In general terms, a penguin eye and a human eye arealmost identical. Both have the same componentsnecessary for vision-a cornea through which lightcan enter; an iris which controls the amount oflight that enters; and a crystalline lens thatfocuses the light onto the back of the eye where aspecialized membrane, the retina, receives it andpasses the message along the optic nerve to thebrain for interpretation. In the penguin eye, hoever, there are many subtledifferences. The cornea, for example, is markedlyflattened compared to ours so much so that italmost resembles a window-pane. This greatlyalters the angle at which light can enter the eyeand is very important for underwater swimming, whenlight enters the eye obliquely through a medium(water) whose density is quite different to thedensity of air. The penguin iris is controlled by a very powerfulmuscle which is able to drastically alter the shapeof the lens attached to it, depending on whetherthe penguin is in or out of the water. The lens,comparatively larger than ours and differentlyshaped, focuses the light coming through theflattened cornea onto the retinal body at the backof the eye. In this way, the penguin eye adapts towhatever medium it happens to be in at the time. Interestingly, there was no evidence of eyeproblems (apart from one incident of blindness dueto injury) in the group of penguins studied. Ofcourse penguins dont read, watch TV or encounterany of the numerous irritants we land-bound animalssubject ourselves-or are subjected-to during ourlifetime. Both the testing devices and methods used in thisstudy are easily adaptable for use with human eyes,paving the way for fast, easy identification of eyeproblems. Also, the researchers hope that theinsights theyve gained into how animals deal withtwo environments may lead to knowledge of how humans,in the future, might do likewise. ==================================================PENGUINS (C) 1987 Ontario Science Centre. May be duplicated for use on other informationservices with permission. ==================================================