What Are Genetically Modified Organism ( Gmos ) - 3734 Words

What are GMOs and Why are they so controversial What are Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs)? A Genetically Modified Organism is any living that has had it’s genetics material altered through the use of genetic engineering. (Dictionary.com) This alteration usually involves taking one living thing’s genetic material, such as DNA, and inserting it into another organism. It is part of an ever growing field of science called genetic engineering. Most of the time that you hear about genetic engineering is in reference to the crops and vegetables that we find in our supermarkets. We hear a lot of conflicting sides about if we should eat GMOs and if they are healthy. Before we look at if GMOs are or are not healthy, it is important to understand†¦show more content†¦In truth, while this is possible, the most common source for DNA to make GMOs is simple bacteria. Scientists use Restriction Enzymes to cut out small parts of DNA from bacteria. Restriction enzymes have a unique shape and act like tiny scissors that cut DNA into small segments. These enzymes are na turally found in bacteria. They are the bacteria’s defense mechanism against viruses. If a virus gets into this bacteria, the enzymes cut up the DNA making the Virus harmless. (â€Å"How Are GMOs Made?†) Scientist have harvested many different types of restriction enzymes. Each type of restriction enzyme has a distinct shape and attaches to a specific part of DNA where it eventually makes the cut. Through the use of specific restriction enzymes, scientists can cut out the exact part of the bacteria’s DNA that they would like to use. Once they have a small snippet of DNA from a bacteria that is responsible for what they want to get, like size or taste, they have to get it into the organism. In order to accomplish this a vector is used. The vectors that are used are essentially viruses that have the ability to go into a living thing and insert their own DNA into them. There are other types of vectors besides viruses, but they are the most commonly used. Usually these kind of viruses are very harmful to their hosts, but scientists have removed the harmful part of the virus and instead of it inserted the desired DNA section that they

The Problem of Plagiarism Literature Review - 2696 Words

The Problem of Plagiarism: Literature Review Selection Melinda â€Å"Mindy† L. Boucher Lower Columbia College The Problem Students routinely hand in papers in which the writing is so complex and the vocabulary so sophisticated that there is doubt that they were written in the students’ own words. When samples of the writing are typed into a Google search engine, sentences and whole paragraphs are found to be a match. Students are confronted with the plagiarism and given information on the guidelines for avoiding plagiarism. Often the result is a re-constructed paper or a paper on a new topic in which sentences are again cut and pasted from the Internet source, but one word or the punctuation was changed. Students often†¦show more content†¦Don t Let Students Overlook Internet Plagiarism. The Education Digest. 70(2), 37-43. The main ideas are that online resources have made plagiarism easy for students; teachers need to make sure the guidelines and consequences are clear regarding plagiarism. Bugeja describes two case studies, one before the advent of the computer and one aft er the invention of computers. He says, â€Å"To catch a plagiarist, make Boolian searches illogical, taking a rare word or proper noun from the plagiarized document† (Bugeja, 2004, 43). This article is useful for its comparison between non-technology related plagiarism and digital plagiarism. The conclusions are pragmatic: plagiarism can’t be stopped; it can be detected and punished. The intended audience is teachers. I agree wholeheartedly with his conclusions and find myself sympathizing with his fatalistic attitude that plagiarism is always going to be a problem.  · Credibility: As Director of Greenlee School of Journalism and Communications at Iowa State University, the writer is authoritative.  · Accuracy: The article was written recently, in 2004, and contains specific information from a variety of views.  · Reasonableness: The writing appears fair and objective.  · Support: There are no references listed, but the article was published in a respected periodical, Education Digest. Ercegovac, Z., Richardson, J. V. (July 2004). Academic Dishonesty, Plagiarism Included, in the Digital Age: A Literature Review. CollegeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Plagiarism1143 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism hinders intellectual advancement. The problems of plagiarism have been discussed for hundreds of years. With technologies, plagiarism becomes a fairly common practice in recent years. 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You can find a lot of resources and sites with databases of free sample papers and free example papers on any topic. You can use theseRead MoreThe Importance Of An Apology For A Deficient Audit925 Words   |  4 PagesPart 1 , 200-400 words, worth 4% Discuss how both articles review the literature and compare the literature review a; Apology Accepted: The Benefits of an Apology for a Deficient Audit Following an Audit V Failure b; Students Behaviors and Views of Paraphrasing and Inappropriate Textual Borrowing in an EFL Academic Setting Review of literature: The information on the subject is not lacking but the inferences of various investigations are not consistent and differ greatly according to the materialRead MoreAcademia and Text Matching Software Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloping good scholarship practice Introduction Academic dishonesty such as plagiarism has been a major factor in education that has affected students’ success and academic achievements in recent years. Plagiarism according to Park (2003) is the act of appropriating or copying another person’s work and passing them on as one’s idea without acknowledging the original source. Park (2003) noted that plagiarism is a growing problem and has been a misuse of the writings of another author, their ideas, hypothesisRead More Plagiarism Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesPlagiarism missing works cited Plagiarism is a distinguished sounding word. One would almost think that it sounds like some lofty philosophical ideal named for the great Greek teacher Plagiarus, something to be aspired to. This is not so. Plagiarism is in fact a moral misdemeanor, and an academic felony. By definition, plagiarism is a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle would have frowned on such a practice

Penguins (966 words) Essay Example For Students

Penguins (966 words) Essay Penguins==================================================Penguins: the eyes have it!LIFE SCIENCESMyopic little men in tuxedos, or highly efficientland/water animals? Recent research indicatestheres more to penguins than meets the eye. If youve every wondered what it would be like tobe able to see as clearly under water as you can onland, just ask the nearest penguin.Most aquaticanimals are short-sighted on land. Mostterrestrial animals (and that includes us) arefar-sighted under water. But researchers havediscovered that penguins can apparently see equallywell in both environments, because of the uniquestructure of their eyes. Penguins have to be able to see well under waterbecause their diet consists mainly of plankton,molluscs, crustaceans, and the inevitable fish. We will write a custom essay on Penguins (966 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Through a special slowing-down of their heart ratetheyre able, like many other diving animals, tostay submerged long enough to search out and chasewhatever catches their fancy. On dry land, its a different story-or has been upto now. Waddling along on their flat little feet,eyes fixed intently on the ground, penguins appearmyopic, inefficient and generally out of place. In fact the reverse is true. During a recent stayon the Falkland Islands, a Canadian researcherdiscovered that penguins are able to recognizeindividuals and navigate the rocky terrain on whichthey live quite well. Long of body and short ofleg, they probably poke their heads forward as anaid to balance. And as for looking at the ground,theyre merely-like us-keeping an eye on wheretheyre going. The human eye is adapted for aerial vision, whichis why scuba divers-or even you and I in the localswimming pool-must wear goggles or a face mask tore-introduce air in front of our eyes in order tosee clearly. Among vertebrates in general, the bird eye isfrequently described as the most efficient. Itssuperior quality, combined with the fact that alarge number of birds-cormorants, pelicans,seagulls, even ducks, as well as penguins-get theirfood from water, obviously deserved research beyondthat possible in a controlled environment such asan aquarium or zoo. Professor Jacob Sivak of theUniversity of Waterloo and his associate, ProfessorHoward Howland of Cornell University, had a chanceto do that research recently. Their trip had butone purpose-to study the structure of penguinseyes while observing their natural habitat. The Falkland Islands, off the coast of Argentina,offered this opportunity, being one the few areasoutside Antarctica where penguins can be found inlarge numbers. Three of the 16 known species werelocated there: the Gentoo, which live on flatareas right off the beach; the Magellan (alsocalled Jackass), which live in burrows; and theRock-hoppers, which live among the rocks along thecliffs. The Rock-hoppers were by far the most common,having a population of well over 100,000. Thegeneral rule is, the smaller the penguin, themeaner the temperament, and the researchers didwitness the odd fight. Their flippers may lookpretty useless out of water, but its not smart toplay around with a penguin. Helll stand hisground in a face-off and if youre foolish enoughto get too close, those flippers can knock youflat. Dr. Sivak and his associate, however, had littletrouble. Rock-hoppers always congregate in fairlytight groups, as a defense against predatory birdssuch as the skua (a large seagull that thinks itsa hawk), and two more upright figures in theirmidst didnt seem to bother them. Standing as close to their subjects as 0.3m, thescientists used two devices: one, developed byProfessor Howland, to take photographs of thepenguins eyes; the othger, developed by Dr. Sivak,to shine a series of concentric circles on thecornea and give a measurement of how reflections ofobjects are altered by curvature of the eye. .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .postImageUrl , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:hover , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:visited , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:active { border:0!important; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:active , .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130 .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5dabfe9c96d7e18c4740bd2d43bc3130:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Metamorphosis EssayDespite the fact all the work had to be done atnight-the only time the penguins pupils weredilated enough-the results were worth it. Comparison of the photographs with similar photosof human eyes, and study of the internal structureof the eyes of creatures discovered killed by seallions, proved the scientists theory that thepenguins eyes are the secret of its survival. In general terms, a penguin eye and a human eye arealmost identical. Both have the same componentsnecessary for vision-a cornea through which lightcan enter; an iris which controls the amount oflight that enters; and a crystalline lens thatfocuses the light onto the back of the eye where aspecialized membrane, the retina, receives it andpasses the message along the optic nerve to thebrain for interpretation. In the penguin eye, hoever, there are many subtledifferences. The cornea, for example, is markedlyflattened compared to ours so much so that italmost resembles a window-pane. This greatlyalters the angle at which light can enter the eyeand is very important for underwater swimming, whenlight enters the eye obliquely through a medium(water) whose density is quite different to thedensity of air. The penguin iris is controlled by a very powerfulmuscle which is able to drastically alter the shapeof the lens attached to it, depending on whetherthe penguin is in or out of the water. The lens,comparatively larger than ours and differentlyshaped, focuses the light coming through theflattened cornea onto the retinal body at the backof the eye. In this way, the penguin eye adapts towhatever medium it happens to be in at the time. Interestingly, there was no evidence of eyeproblems (apart from one incident of blindness dueto injury) in the group of penguins studied. Ofcourse penguins dont read, watch TV or encounterany of the numerous irritants we land-bound animalssubject ourselves-or are subjected-to during ourlifetime. Both the testing devices and methods used in thisstudy are easily adaptable for use with human eyes,paving the way for fast, easy identification of eyeproblems. Also, the researchers hope that theinsights theyve gained into how animals deal withtwo environments may lead to knowledge of how humans,in the future, might do likewise. ==================================================PENGUINS (C) 1987 Ontario Science Centre. May be duplicated for use on other informationservices with permission. ==================================================